eds. Soc. Maass et al (1982) found that, when a minority is seen as acting in its own self-interests or an individuals attempts at persuasion are perceived as being motivated by personal gain, other members are more likely to dismiss their opinions. Social influence exerted by minorities motivated by social control may differ from social influence exerted by their validation-motivated and acceptance-motivated counterparts. Moreover, the informational influence strategy may be combined differently with other strategies (e.g., procedural tools, threats, coalition-building) in service of a particular motive. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. Rather, I am arguing that we should place far less stock in the importance of the results to the future of our country. When a significant number of majority members publicly acknowledge their adoption of the minority position, a new norm is created, effectively turning the initial minority into the majority and vice versa. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 363394. The minority influence of the manager challenges those majority-held views, and results in the questioning of dated practices. For decades, research on social influence, which established social psychology as a scientific discipline early in the 20th century, conceptualized influence as a one-way street (Prislin and Crano, 2012). 74, 14371450. Crano, W. D. (2001). In government, lobbyists representing a minority such as a company, charity or trade body seek to influence the views of legislators by publishing research which supports the interests of that minority. A study of minorities as victims. Espousing a behavioral style characterized by temporal consistency, internal consensus, and autonomy and investment in their position, even at the price of reprisals, minorities present a force to be reconed with. (PDF) Majority and Minority Influence - ResearchGate (2009). Rev. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Psychol. These were created by having a nave participant interact with a number of confederates, each of whom was trained to provide scripted responses during the course of the groups interaction. The proposed agenda for future research on social change effected through minority influence is hardly comprehensive. This may explain the snowball effect of minority influence, whereby individuals are attracted to a viewpoint on the basis that they believe it is becoming more acceptable, and is gaining popularity amongst other members. In a country whose history has been shaped by the boundaries among racial groups, this projected demographic shift is undoubtedly important. How can minorities influence majorities? - LinkedIn What is it, and how does it work in each case? Clark and Maass (1990) found that the size of the majority within a group can affect the ability of a minority to influence members. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Eur. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. doi: 10.1037/amp0000844. Yet, even a cursory analysis of real life groups will show that this motive features prominently in social influence exchanges. (1986). Around the turn of the 20th century, American leaders began to recognize the accumulating effects of immigration and civil rights. What kind of social influence can. However, if we are to overcome the division that defined our past, we must stop reinforcing the salience of those boundaries in the future. One obvious example are elites, though, it could be argued that they represent numerical minorities but not necessarily non-normative minorities. eds. Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they. 53, 4152. Vol. A. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.23. (2000). doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Bolderdijk, J. W., and Jans, L. (2021). Soc. Adding to these theoretical and analytical reasons are powerful pragmatic reasons: ever increasing demands on publishing productivity, which is often used as a proxy for scientific contribution, are easier to satisfy with a minimalist approach to minority influence where social conditions and social responses are reduced to information to be processed or generated, with an individual, rather than a group, as a unit of analysis. Hewstone, M., and Martin, R. (2010). Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. Soc. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323, Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leck, K., and Purvis, D. (1996). Finally, a separate but still very much cognitive line of inquiry has focused on the styles of thinking inspired by minority (vs. majority) pressures, examining thought modality (e.g., Nemeth, 1986) and complexity (e.g., Gruenfeld, 1995). Psychol. How do they shape their influence strategies over time? Soc. As for the measures of the minority impact, the two frameworks paint a somewhat different picture: The Information processing (persuasion) framework suggests that the impact is most evident on private responses to indirect measures of attitudes toward issues tangentially related to the object of a minority advocacy (Wood et al., 1994; but see Glaser et al., 2015). Overcoming the obstacles that moved minority influence research away from elucidating social change is a greater challenge. Even a cursory analysis of just about any social change reveals that it takes time to alter social relations and social structure within a group. From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group. c. public compliance. An earlier analysis of this index has identified 238 unique empirical studies on minority influence published between 1960, when the foundational research on minority influence first appeared, and December 2011 (see Prislin et al., 2017). In contrast, and in support of hypothesis 3, change via increased tolerance for diversity within a group dramatically increased attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the minority (minority majority) while preserving attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the majority (majority minority) (Prislin and Filson, 2009; Shafer and Prislin, 2011) In short, recognizing that minority influence originates from a variety of motives expands the scope of influence strategies and types of social changes to be considered. It has been addressed by restricting a number of factors that presumably shape the dynamics of social influence and employing mathematical simulations to test proposed models. 51, 629636. Psychol. eds. 21.4: Majority Influence- Conforming To The Group Nemeth, C. J. Aust. This might, over time, lead the employees to reconsider their reluctance to change, leading to the majority overcoming a groupthink mentality and gradually changing its opinion. At what point in time do their efforts begin to effect the presumed private change? These are but some of the important questions that await answers. Seeking conversion versus advocating tolerance in pursuit of social change. Whereas numerous other factors may be proposed, they likely covary with the included factors of time, competitive influence dynamics, and motivation. Albert Bandura's influential Bobo doll experiments reveal how children imitate TV violence and the behavior of others. The dynamic nature of this process is additionally evident in its competitive nature as minorities and majorities contest each other while advancing their own position. To what extent are people controlled by their roles in society? Minority influence, in The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence. WebQ#28 minorities influence majority opinion primarily through - The correct answer is b.) (1983). The field took notice. It encompasses attitudinal reactions (e.g., growing concerns about climate change), behavioral reactions (e.g., growing use of a clean energy), political impact (e.g., Green parties, which exist in most democratic systems, have entered into several coalition governments, taking premierships in some), and structural changes (e.g., laws mandating elimination of climate-damaging emission by a certain date have been passed in several countries).1. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 91121. doi: 10.1177/1948550610377238, Prislin, R., Brewer, M., and Wilson, D. J. For example, minorities motivated to be socially validated and those motivated to gain social control are likely to pursue social change seeking converts to their position to transform themselves to a majority (minority majority). doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.5. A. Measure your stress levels with this 5-minute stress test. This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Decision making, in Group Processes. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271564. A minority group, led by Emmeline Pankhurst in the UK, eventually persuaded the majority that this was unfair, and enfranchisement was extended to women in 1918, overturning accepted views regarding womens rights. Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 30 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022. Vol. Studies in self-categorization and minority conversion: Is being a member of the out-group an advantage? Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. Minority influence: A meta-analytical review of social influence processes. Morally admirable or moralistically deplorable? (1986). Tindale, R. S., Talbot, M., and Martinez, R. (2013). To ensure that only unique empirical studies were counted, care was taken not to double-count studies that were published in journals and later summarized in book chapters or vice versa. The daunting complexity of the social influence dynamics is challenging to capture in a formal model, much less empirical research. Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective, in Handbook of Motivation and Cognition. How can the colors around us affect our mood? London: Academic Press. Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). In contrast to these sources, those who were consistently rejected to remain in a minority, as well as those who lost social support to be turned from a majority to a minority (majority minority), lost much of their persuasive efficacy over time. (2001). Psychol. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 4059. eds. Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups. Yet, for their initial sense of correctness to survive, minorities must seek broader social support. Thus, immediately in the aftermath of social change whereby minorities become majorities and vice versa (minority majority), the former should react only mildly positively, and the latter should react intensely negatively, toward the group in which they switched positions. Minority dissent and team innovation: the importance of participation in decision making. His masterful analysis of change in practically every domain of human activity invariably diagnosed minority influence in its origin. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. (2012). Elites efforts at influence are likely to be directed toward preserving, not changing, the status quo. Strength from weakness: The fate of opinion minorities in spatially distributed groups, in Understanding Group Behavior. WebPeople who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through a. normative social influence. New York: Cambridge University Press. This phenomenon, known as social cryptomnesia, often occurs when a person held negative views of the minority whose views they adopted. Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes, and Consequences. Vol. Minority influence: From groups to attitudes and back again, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. This can lead to the majority taking the minority view seriously. The majority will therefore be more likely to question their own views. In order to change the majorities view the minority has to propose a clear position and has to defend and advocate its position consistently. 14. ed. But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. Psychol. They exist in research on minority influence, too. For example, employees at a factory which uses dated practises to produce its wares may be reluctant to change their habits. Minority influence research was sparked by Moscovicis observation about the power of active minorities to instigate social change. Vol. (1998). WebMAJORITY If the minority can get a few people to defect to their side, then this will often create a snowball effect in which more and more people will change their opinion. An example of this would be when a green group promotes responsible behavior,such as recycling, as a way of protecting wildlife. Minority influence affects group members differently. Conversion and tolerance are fundamentally distinct paths to social change with different consequences for group dynamics (Prislin et al., 2018). J. Soc. Hence, changes away from the preferred majority position presumably are experienced as losses, with changes away from the minority position presumably experienced as gains. Eur. The country broadened the definition of white people enough to maintain power over African Americans and Asian people (and later Hispanics). Bulletin Swisse des Psychologues 7, 36. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191, De Groeve, B., and Rosenfeld, D. L. (2022). J. Pers. Charlan Nemeth, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, argues a further difference between minority and majority influence. ETNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS - Academia.edu Within this context, evidence exists The Power of Minorities. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1181, Keywords: minority influence, social change, social influence, majority influence, group dynamics, Citation: Prislin R (2022) Minority Influence: An Agenda for Study of Social Change. Soc. The Social Psychology of Protest. Bull. J. Pers. Latan, B. Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence. An important feature of this procedure is that participants actively experienced their social position within the interacting group.
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